The covers in Warsaw are usually made of metal

 

, concrete

 

, or plastic (composite materials)

 

.
Their shapes are circular

 

, square

 

, rectangular

 

, or elliptical

 

.
A considerable number of circular covers intended for sidewalks are surrounded by a square frame, which greatly facilitates paving work around them

 

.

No colored covers were found in Warsaw, but gilded covers do exist

 

.

No city emblems were found on covers in Warsaw (nor were covers intended for the City of Warsaw found), except for a cover belonging to another city (the “bug” category)

 

.

On some covers, the name of the consumer is indicated: MPWiK WARSZAWA (Warsaw’s municipal water and sewage company)

 

, Polska Poczta, Telegraf i Telefon (the predecessor of Poland’s telecommunications company)

 

, GAZOMET

 

, and others.

In very many cases, the purpose of the cover is unknown. In other cases, gas covers are identified by the word GAZ

 

or SPEC (a company that provided heating services in Warsaw)

 

.
On water covers, the word W

 

or HYDRANT

 

appears, and drainage covers are identified by their drainage slots

 

.

Most covers are fairly standard, with a background of squares

 

. A relatively large number of covers feature a “compass rose”

 

.
A relatively large number are rectangular concrete covers with a metal plate in the center bearing the name of the cover’s consumer

 

.

Manufacturers
The covers were produced by the Polish manufacturers KZO

 

, SO Wincentów

 

, Fansuld

 

, Norson

 

and others.
Covers made by the German Hauraton

 

, the French PAm

 

, and others were also found.

Standards
The most common standards are the European EN124

 

and the various load classes (A15 - F900)

 

.
Many covers bear the Polish IO-CERT mark

 

, the Polish B construction mark

 

, and the Polish ITB mark

 

.
Standards used in other countries were also found (mainly on covers produced by non-Polish manufacturers), such as the German DIN

 

, the Dutch KIWA

 

, the Austrian ÜA marking

 

, and others.